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ARGULA VON GRUMBACH: THE ADVOCATE

Born in 1492 in Bavaria, Argula von Grumbach was as intelligent as she was outspoken. She belonged an impoverished branch of the noble Bavarian house of Hohenstaufen. Her noble roots most likely contributed to the endless supply of gumption required to engage in the battles she fought during the early years of the Reformation. When Argula was ten she was sent to be trained as a maid-in-waiting to Kunigunde, sister of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian and the mother of the Duke of Bavaria.

It was during her time at the Bavarian court that she received an education. Learning to write in German though not in Latin. As she was preparing to leave home at the age of ten her father gave her a copy of the Koburger Bible, an early rudimentary German translation of Scripture. However Argula was warned not to read it by an Observant Franciscan monk who told her that reading the Bible would lead her astray.

Shortly after she arrived at the Bavarian Court Argula’s parents died within day of each other, most likely of the plague. She was raised at the court and in 1516 at the age of 24 she was given in marriage to Friedrich von Grumbach, who was also part of an impoverished noble family. Friedrich received work at the Ducal court which provided a small stipend for living expenses. Argula and Friedrich had four children, two sons and two daughters, while they were living at the Bavarian Ducal court.

In the 1520s Argula was introduced to the writings of Luther when they first appeared in Bavaria. She was so enthralled by what she read that she devoured every piece of literature she could get her hands on. She even went so far as to write to George Spalatin, Luther’s close friend and chaplain of Prince Frederick, the Elector of Saxony requesting a list of Luther’s writings which Spalatin was only too happy to send her. It wasn’t long before Argula began corresponding with Luther himself though none of those letters are extant. While Luther and others wanted to reform the church Argula’s primary preoccupation was with the salvation of the individual.

Martin Luther Preaching

Around 1523 she heard the story of a young staff member at the University of Ingolstadt who had been forced to issue a humiliating public recantation of his newfound reformist faith. The young man’s name was Arsacius Seehofer and when the university learned of his Lutheran leanings, they threatened him with both imprisonment and the stake if he did not recant. Seehofer was only 18 years old and a recent graduate of the University of Wittenberg where he had studied under the illustrious Philip Melanchthon, Luther’s best friend and one of the stalwart pillars of the newly emerging reformation.

Outraged at the University’s treatment of Seehofer, Argula wrote them a scathing letter verbally excoriating them for their behaviour while insisting that Luther and Melanchthon did nothing more than preach the word of God. She pointed out that while the Faculty of Theology at the university had condemned their work, they had done nothing to refute any of their arguments from Scripture. Then, to add weight to her argument she denied the authority of the Pope while claiming the supreme authority of Scripture. Interestingly she wrote “you need not think you can pull God, the prophets and the apostles out of heaven with Papal decretals drawn from Aristotle who was not a Christian at all.” She then closed the letter claiming to be a woman driven solely by the word of God. Her letter to the University of Ingolstadt indicates that she was intelligent, well-educated and fearless.

Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany

After her letters regarding Seehofer went viral Argula became more vocal in the arena of ecclesiastical politics. She was determined to champion the reformation, and her first order of business was to consult with a prominent reformist minister Andreas Osiander, who later remarked that she was extremely well versed in Scripture. Not only did she champion Seehofer’s cause but she also spoke against the financial exploitation and immorality of the clergy, topics that many other reformers were vocal about. She then went to the Duke of Bavaria to interceded on behalf of Seehofer, who had apparently recanted his recantation, escaped the monastery he had been sentenced to and had become an ardent Protestant preacher. Argula’s intervention spared him from being sent to the stake. Argula’s example of writing letters inspired another woman, Ursula Weyden to write and publish a pamphlet dealing with the question of clerical marriage.

It wasn’t long before Argula’s outspokenness garnered the attention of the authorities. The university reported her angry letter to the duke who was reluctant to discipline her. Instead he conferred with her brother who suggested that they leave Argula’s discipline to her husband. If rumours are to be believed they gave Fredrich von Grumbach leave to chop off a finger or two if his wife continued to be intransigent. While it is unclear if the rumours about losing appendages were true, Argula’s husband Friedrich was annoyed at her because her open crusading for the Reformation cost him his job. He is said to have been bitter about the entire situation especially because he had a wife and four children to support. He turned his anger on Argula, making her life difficult.

The Castle Church, Wittenberg, Germany

Meanwhile outside the bubble of domestic turmoil Argula inhabited, her public humiliation continued as numerous preachers and university professors excoriated her outspoken ways. It is likely she received an extra helping of censure simply because she was a woman who dared to publicly share her opinions. Regardless of the furore surrounding her Argula soon attracted the notice and the respect of many leading reformers including Luther and Melanchthon. She was invited to the Diet of Nuremberg in 1523, and later by the Count of the Palatinate to an audience where she was asked to share her views about the Reformation.

She also wrote a fervent letter to Prince Frederick, the Elector of Saxony expressing her hope that God would strengthen the hand of those concerned for the proclamation of the gospel throughout Germany. Despite her opportunities to share her views Argula was discouraged. Her family was against her, appalled by the audacity she had exhibited during her advocacy of Seehofer. In a letter to George Spalatin Luther commented “The Duke of Bavaria rages above measure, killing crushing and persecuting the gospel with all his might. That most noble woman Argula von Stauffer (most likely her maiden name) is making a valiant fight with great spirit, boldness of speech and knowledge of Christ.” Making a stand for the truth was hard, it came at a cost, yet by all appearance, Argula was willing to pay it. When the Diet of Regensburg met to consider enforcing the Edict of Worms against Luther, Argula wrote to the princes declaring their mandate was prompted by Satan against the word of God.

Filming on Location, Wittenberg, Germany

Shortly after a visit to Martin Luther in 1530 Argula’s husband Friedrich died, and she remarried two years later. Her second husband had estates in Bohemia but lived only 18 months after their wedding. After Argula received her dower estates as stipulated by her second husband’s will, she occupied herself by managing those estates while continuing to raise her children.

After her letter to the Diet of Regensburg Argula was strangely silent for the next forty years. She chose to maintain a low profile, not engaging in any activities that would garner public notice. Then in May 1563 Argula thrust herself into the public eye once more by circulating books which were strongly Protestant. She was accused of seducing the citizens of Bavaria away from the service of the only true church and conducting private Protestant worship services in her home. She was arrested then released. This is the last mention of her in the historical record. The exact date of her death is unknown or even the circumstances surrounding it. Fortunately her life tells us everything we need to know about her – she was brave, faithful to God and relentless in the pursuit and preservation of truth even when doing so was hard.

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